Legal Considerations
When Gathering Data for AI Analysis, Proceed with Caution
Always check a publisher's AI restrictions before reusing their content. This is in addition to any potential copyright and publishing restrictions. Publishers often impose restrictions on analyzing their published materials using AI for research purposes due to concerns about copyright infringement and protecting their intellectual property. Access to content for AI analysis may be limited by subscription or licensing agreements, requiring researchers to obtain explicit permission or negotiate terms for data access. These restrictions aim to balance the rights of publishers with the advancement of research while ensuring compliance with legal and ethical standards.
This article offers a useful summary of the complexity of these challenges and how "content owners have been resoundingly successful in copyright claims against companies and individuals who distribute their content on the internet."
Information Policy and A.I.
Tracy Mitrano.
Inside Higher Ed. Published online March 18, 2024
"In the aughts, as the director of IT Policy at Cornell, I sat in meetings with Google representatives who asked to scan the university’s library holdings. Never mind the original accumulated expense Cornell bore of eight million volumes. To engage in the transformational effort to “organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful” proved compelling enough that the university agreed to it (along with “free” mail services, but that is another story told in this document). Never mind that Google monetized that repository. And now OpenAI is asking us to never mind that they scraped it."
Example of a Publisher's Terms and Conditions Regarding AI
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Elsevier's Terms and Conditions"You may not use Content from the Services in combination with an artificial intelligence tool, (including to train an algorithm, test, process, analyse, generate output and/or develop any form of artificial intelligence tool)."
Research Organizations
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AI Health LabLed by Prof. Ying Ding from School of information, and Prof. Justin Rousseau from Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin. AI Health Lab is made up of scholars and students from different fields and disciplines. They focus on cutting-edge research on AI in health and data-driven science of science.
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American College of Radiology (ACR) Data Science InstituteWorking with stakeholders to develop and implement radiology-related artificial intelligence applications. Host of the Informatics Learning Hub and "ACR Data Science Institute® AI Central database, the most complete and up-to-date online, searchable directory of commercially available Imaging AI products in the United States. Browse through more than 200 FDA-cleared products created by more than 100 manufacturers to find algorithms that best support your patients and workflows."
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Alliance for Artificial Intelligence in HealthcareThe AAIH, consisting of technology developers, pharmaceutical companies, and research organizations, utilizes AI in healthcare to improve the quality of care.
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Cedars-SinaiCedars-Sinai Medical Center's Department of Medicine houses the Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (AIM) research program. The AIM program aims to create software that can analyze three-dimensional images of the heart, like how a trained human operator would. The program measures critical parameters for understanding the state and behavior of the human heart using artificial intelligence techniques.
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Center on AI Research for HealthAt University of Southern "aims to nurture collaborations between researchers in AI and those in the health sciences." In 2023, they released projects on radiation oncology, neurodegenerative diseases and mental health.
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Gates FoundationFocused on the ethics of AI access and use, including the development of new technologies and their application in resource-poor settings. Research grants available. "The projects we selected focus on a wide array of critical health and development issues, including primary health care, education, agricultural development, women’s health, and nutrition. We are optimistic and excited about the diversity of problems being addressed because they often intersect."
Search PubMed for AI articles
To search for articles related to artificial intelligence in medicine on PubMed using the National Library of Medicine (NLM) Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms in Boolean format, copy and paste the following search string into the search box on PubMed.
("Artificial Intelligence"[Mesh] OR "Machine Learning"[Mesh] OR "Natural Language Processing"[Mesh]) AND ("Medicine"[Mesh] OR "Medical Informatics"[Mesh] OR "Health Services Research"[Mesh])
This search string includes MeSH terms related to artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and natural language processing, combined with MeSH terms related to medicine, medical informatics, and health services research. This should help narrow down the search to articles specifically focused on artificial intelligence in the medical field. Feel free to adjust the search terms as needed based on your specific requirements.